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Worksheet: Biased versus Unbiased Samples
Q2:
Three different toys are stored in a warehouse. There are 15 000 toys in total and the number of each is shown in the table.
| Kinds of Stones | Bears | Dolls | Cars |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Stones | 2 000 | 6 000 | 7 000 |
A stratified sample of all the toys is taken and 420 cars are selected. Calculate the total number of toys in the sample.
Q3:
An experiment has been designed to investigate the alleged benefits of using a fabric softener. In the experiment the participants are divided into two groups: one group gets laundry washed using a fabric softener, while the other gets laundry washed without using any fabric softener. All of the participants laundry is washed over several weeks and none of the participants know how their laundry has been washed.
Which of the following is the type of the experiment?
- ABlocked experiment
- BDouble-blind experiment
- CRepeated measures design
- DSingle-blind experiment
- EMatched-pair design
Which of the following is the treatment variable?
- AUse of fabric softener
- BColor of fabric
- CSkin sensitivity
- DType of fabric
- EWashing temperature
Q4:
A teacher wanted the children in her class to have a random sample of coins for a lesson. She put nickels, quarters, and dimes into a bag, and the bag was passed around the class for each child to select a coin without looking in the bag. Why is this unlikely to produce a random sample of coins?
- A The students might be able to identify the coins by feeling their size and weight, so they will not be selecting the coin at random.
- BThe students might look in the bag and choose a coin that they have seen, so they will not be selecting the coin at random.
Q5:
A school principal was happy to announce that the number of late arrivals per day in the whole school was only five on average. Is this figure a sample statistic or a population characteristic?
- Aa population characteristic
- Ba sample statistic
Q6:
A student wants to research the amount of pocket money students in his middle school receive. Which of the following would be the best way to get a representative sample of the population?
- AAsking a random sample of 50 students from his grade how much pocket money they receive
- BAsking all of the students in the library on a Monday lunchtime how much pocket money they receive
- CAsking the teachers of each class how much pocket money they think the students in their class receive
- DAsking a random sample of 20 students from each grade how much pocket money they receive
Q7:
There are about 15 million registered voters in a state, and the government wants to know what proportion of them intends to vote in the next general election. In a survey of registered voters, 648 responded that they did intend to vote.
Which of the following is the population parameter?
- AThe sample size of
- BThe population size of 15 million
- CThe 648 surveyed voters who intend to vote
- DThe proportion of the population that intend to vote in the next general election
- EAbout 65%
Q8:
Which of the following is an outcome of a random experiment?
- A rolling a pair of dice
- B choosing two marbles from a jar
- C flipping a coin
- D landing the pointer of the spinner on the red color
- E drawing a card from a pack of 52 cards
Q9:
An animal rescue center wants to find out if people in its town think more money should be spent on animal welfare. They plan to ask a random sample of their visitors and volunteers to fill in a questionnaire. Why would their sample not be representative of the town’s population?
- AWe do not know how they will ensure that the sample is random.
- BPeople will not want to spend time filling in the questionnaire.
- CThere might be a high proportion of children in the sample, which will skew the result.
- DThe center’s visitors and volunteers are likely to be supportive of spending on animal welfare.
Q10:
In probability, what is an experiment defined as?
- Athe set of all possible outcomes of an activity
- Ba collection of one or more possible outcomes from an activity, which can be described as having certain characteristics
- Ca repeatable process, or activity, with a number of possible outcomes
Q11:
A teacher wanted the children in her class to have a random sample of coins for a lesson. She put nickels, quarters, and dimes into a bag and passed it around the class for each child to select a coin without looking inside.
Why is this unlikely to produce a random sample of coins?
- AThe bag might be transparent, so the students will see the coins and will not be selecting the coin at random.
- BThe students might look in the bag and choose a coin that they have seen, so they will not be selecting the coin at random.
- CThe students might be able to identify the coins by feeling their size and weight, so they will not be selecting the coin at random.
Q12:
A fair coin is thrown randomly four times; it lands on heads every time.
Which of the following is true?
- AThe coin will land on tails next time because it has landed on heads so many times.
- BThe coin will land on heads next time because it lands on heads every time.
- CThe coin could land on heads or tails next time it is thrown because it is not affected by what has happened previously.
Q13:
The image shows a fair spinner.
Scarlett wants 5 random numbers from 1 to 5, so she spins the spinner 5 times. Her results are 3, 3, 5, 1, 3.
Which of the following statements about her results is true?
- AThey are not random numbers because there are too many threes.
- BThey are random numbers because their mean is the same as the mean of the numbers on the spinner.
- CThey are not random numbers because there are no even numbers.
- DThey are random numbers because the spinner is fair.
Q14:
Which of the following is a representative sample?
- AA market research company wants to find out how much waste people recycle, so they survey 100 people at the city recycling drop-off location.
- BA hospital wants to investigate the reasons why people go to the emergency room, so questionnaires are handed out to a random sample of people waiting in the emergency room on a Monday morning.
- CA student wants to find out how much students at their school enjoy math classes, so they give a questionnaire to everyone at the math club.
- DTo find out how students travel to school, student representatives from each grade ask a random sample of 20 students from across their grade.
Q15:
Which of the following choices would define a random experiment?
- A It is an experiment or a process for which the outcome cannot be predicted with certainty.
- B It is an experiment or a process for which the outcome can be predicted with certainty.
Q16:
A drug company conducted a trial to find out if females aged 25–40 experienced an improvement in their migraine symptoms if they took a new drug. The people in the trial found that the number of migraines they experienced was halved.
Which of the following inferences would the company make from their results?
- AThe drug halves the number of migraines in people between the ages of 25 and 40.
- BThe drug halves the number of migraines in females.
- CThe drug halves the number of migraines in females between the ages of 25 and 40.
Q17:
A school principal wants to find out what the students think about the teaching quality in the school. Which of these samples is unbiased?
- AAll ninth grade students are interviewed.
- BA questionnaire is available at the library for anyone who wants to take part in the survey.
- CA list of female students to interview is randomly generated.
- DA list of students to interview is randomly generated.
- EA list of male students to interview is randomly generated.
Q18:
A pharmaceutical company wants to find out if a new drug can delay the formation of white hair. They decide to carry out an experiment using a placebo.
Which of the following is the treatment variable in this experiment?
- AAge
- BShampoo used
- CWhen white hair first appears
- DDrug treatment
- EGender
Many variables need to be controlled in order to make the experiment results valid. Which of the following variables does not need to be controlled?
- AHeight
- BEthnicity
- CAge at which the participant’s parents got white hair
- DAge
- EDiet
Q19:
Is tossing a coin an experiment?
- Ayes
- Bno
Q20:
A bag contains a total of 12 marbles; 4 are green and the rest are yellow. Madison randomly takes a marble from the bag, records its color, and does not replace it. She then repeats this process a second time. She draws the following tree diagram.
Write the values of the probabilities , , , and in the probability tree. Give your answers as unsimplified fractions.
- A , , ,
- B , , ,
- C , , ,
- D , , ,
- E , , ,
Calculate the probability of choosing two marbles that are of the same color. Give your answer as a simplified fraction.
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
Calculate the probability of choosing one marble of each color. Give your answer as a simplified fraction.
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
Q21:
Is choosing a marble from a jar an experiment?
- Ayes
- Bno