Video Transcript
In this video, we’re going to look
at some key rules for working with angles and then apply them to calculate the
missing angles in some different figures. Okay, the first rule that we’re
going to look at is called the supplementary or linear pair theorem. And it tells us that two angles are
supplementary if they form a linear pair, which is just another way of saying if
they sit on a straight line together. So you can see an example of this
on the diagram on the right side of the screen. Angles 𝐴 and 𝐵 there sit on this
straight line together. Now of course because they sit on a
straight line, this means that the measure of these two angles must add up to 180
degrees cause the key angle fact is that angles on a straight line add to 180. So supplementary angles add up to
180 degrees.
The second rule is this; it’s
called the complement theorem. Two angles are complementary if
their noncommon sides form a right angle. So noncommon sides are the sides
that they don’t share, so the ones that I’ve highlighted in orange in the diagram
here. Now of course the right angle is 90
degrees, so we have another fact about complementary angles, which is that the sum
of their measures must be equal to 90. So that’s our key fact for
complementary angles. The final fact considered here is
about vertically opposite angles and vertically opposite angles are defined as the
nonadjacent angles, so not next to each other, formed by a pair of intersecting
lines, so the ones that I’ve marked 𝐴 and 𝐵 on the diagram here. I could equally have marked the
other pair of angles as a vertically opposite pair.
Now the key fact about vertically
opposite angles is that they are the same as each other or congruent, so the measure
of angle 𝐴 is equal to the measure of angle 𝐵. So these are the three main facts
that we’re going to use in addition to the fact that angles in a triangle sum to 180
degrees. And we’ll see how to apply these
facts to some different problems.
So this is our first problem.
We’re given a diagram and we’re
asked to calculate the measure of angle 𝐴𝐶𝐵. So that means the angle formed when
I move from 𝐴 to 𝐶 to 𝐵, so it’s this angle here.
So let’s think about how to
approach this problem. And looking at the diagram, we can
identify some different types of angles. If we look first of all at this
angle here, now that angle you should recognize as vertically opposite the angle of
105 degrees, because they’re formed by a pair of intersecting lines. So recalling our key fact about
vertically opposite angles, they are equal to each other. So we have that the measure of this
angle 𝐶𝐴𝐵 is 105 degrees. Next, let’s look at the other angle
at the base of the triangle, so this angle here which is angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. Now you’ll notice that this angle
is supplementary with the angle of 142 degrees cause they’re a linear pair of
angles.
So remember our key fact was that
supplementary angles add up to 180 degrees. So this tells that the measure of
this angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 plus 142 must be equal to 180. By subtracting 142 from both sides
of this equation, I can then see that this angle here is equal to 38 degrees. So now I’ve worked out two of the
angles inside this triangle. And I’ve just labeled them both on
the diagram. So finally, I want to work out the
angle I was asked for, angle 𝐴𝐶𝐵. And to use this, I’m gonna recall
the fact that the interior angles in a triangle add up to 180. So I have that the measure of this
angle 𝐴𝐶𝐵 plus the other two angles, 105 and 38, must be equal to 180. And this gives me the equation that
I can solve to work out this final angle.
So if I subtract 105 and 38 from
180, I have that the measure of angle 𝐴𝐶𝐵 is 37 degrees. So we used a number of different
facts within this one question. We used the fact that vertically
opposite angles are congruent to each other first of all. Then we used the fact that
supplementary angles add to 180 degrees. And finally we used the rule that
the interior angles in a triangle also add to 180 degrees. If you are asked within the
question to give reasons in your answer, then you would need to drop down these
worded reasons in your working out. So I would include those terms
vertically opposite, supplementary, and interior angles in a triangle as part of my
method.
Okay, the next question, we’re
given a diagram and we’re asked to find the value of 𝑥 which is used in the labels
of two of the angles in this diagram.
So from the diagram, we need to
identify what type of angles we’ve been given. And you’ll see that these angles
are nonadjacent angles in intersecting lines; therefore, they are vertically
opposite angles. So remember your key facts about
vertically opposite angles. They are congruent to each other
which means then that the algebraic expressions I have for these two angles are
equal to each other. What I can do then is form an
equation by setting these two expressions equal to each other. So I have two 𝑥 minus 30 is equal
to 𝑥 plus 10. Now the question has become an
algebraic problem. Can I solve this equation to work
out the value of 𝑥?
So the first thing I’m going to do
is add 30 to both sides of this equation. And this will give me two 𝑥 is
equal to 𝑥 plus 40; then I’m going to subtract 𝑥 from both sides of this
equation. And when I do so, this gives me 𝑥
is equal to 40, which is, therefore, the answer to this question. So in this question, I had to
identify the type of angles that I had and then use the facts I know about
vertically opposite angles being congruent to form an equation which I could then
solve to work out this unknown letter 𝑥.
And next question is about
supplementary angles.
It tells us that a pair of
supplementary angles are in the ratio three to two. And we’re asked to find the size of
the larger angle.
Now I’m gonna go about this
question in two different ways and then you can pick whichever is your favorite. So I’ll divide my page in two first
of all. So my first method, I’m gonna think
about it in terms of working with ratio. Now key fact, remember,
supplementary angles add to 180 degrees. So in total in this ratio, I have
five parts cause the three and the two together make five parts, so those five equal
parts must be equal to 180. So starting off with that, if I
don’t want to work out what one part of this ratio is, I need to divide by five. So one part is 180 divided by five
which is 36. I must find the size of the larger
angle, so the larger angle will be the one that has three parts of the ratio.
So in order to work out three
parts, I need to multiply this 36 by three. So three parts 36 multiplied by
three is 108. And that tells me then that the
size of the larger angle is 108 degrees. So that’s one way of answering this
question, by thinking about it in terms of ratio working out. Another way would be to think about
it as an algebraic problem. So if these angles are in the ratio
three to two, then I could call them three 𝑥 and two 𝑥, for example. And remembering that key fact about
supplementary angles summing to 180, I can form an equation. I could write the equation three 𝑥
plus two 𝑥 is equal to 180. There’s my equation.
Now if I simplify the left-hand
side, three 𝑥 plus two 𝑥 is five 𝑥, so I have five 𝑥 is equal to a 180. Then if I want to work out the
value of 𝑥, I need to divide by five. So I have 𝑥 is equal to 36. Now remember the larger angle was
the angle that I was calling three 𝑥, so to work it out, I need to multiply 36 by
three. And this of course gives me that
same answer of 108 degrees. So the logic behind the two methods
is very similar.
The algebraic method is perhaps
more formal, but either of those would be a valid way of approaching this
question. So it’s sensible to do a quick
check where you can. So perhaps if we work out the size
of the smaller angle. Well, in both cases we worked out
that one part or 𝑥 is equal to 36, so the smaller angle will be two lots of 36,
which is 72. And if we just check the sum of our
two angles, then we can confirm that they do in fact add up to 180. So just a quick check at the end
can give you a little bit of confidence in your working.
Okay, the final question, again
we’re given a diagram and we’re asked to calculate the measure of angle 𝐶𝑂𝐴. So the angle formed when I move
from 𝐶 to 𝑂 to 𝐴, it’s this angle marked in green here.
Now that angle is made up of two
parts. And I can already see that part of
it is 42 degrees, but I need to work out what the remaining part is. So inspecting that diagram again,
you’ll see that we have a pair of complementary angles because there’s a right angle
marked when I move from 𝐷 to 𝑂 to 𝐵, which means that these two angles that I’ve
just marked in orange; well remember, complementary angles sum to 90 degrees. So I can find the measure of this
angle 𝐶𝑂𝐵 by using that fact. So I can write down this equation;
the measure of angle 𝐶𝑂𝐵 plus 31 is equal to 90. Subtracting 31 from both sides of
this equation tells me then that the measure of this angle 𝐶𝑂𝐵 is 59. So there it is, marked on the
diagram. Now I’ve got everything I need in
order to calculate the measure of angle 𝐶𝑂𝐴. So it’s this 59 that I’ve just
calculated plus the 42 that we already knew. So the measure of this angle is one
101 degrees.
So to summarize then, you need to
remember these three key angle rules that supplementary angles sum to 180 degrees,
complementary angles sum to 90 degrees, and vertically opposite angles are congruent
to each other. You also need to remember the fact
that interior angles in a triangle add to 180 degrees. When answering a problem, you need
to inspect the diagram carefully to see which types of angles you can identify and
then use the relevant angle rules to answer the question.
