Question Video: Finding the Point of Inflection of a Function Involving Using the Product Rule with Logarithmic Functions If Any Mathematics • Higher Education

Video Transcript

Evaluate the definite integral between zero and 𝜋 by four of sec of 𝑡 tan of 𝑡 𝐢 plus 𝑡 times cos of two 𝑡 𝐣 plus sin squared of two 𝑡 times cos of two 𝑡 𝐤 with respect to 𝑡.

Remember, to integrate a vector-valued function, we simply integrate each component in the usual way. Since this is a definite integral, we can use the fundamental theorem of calculus, which says that the definite integral between 𝑎 and 𝑏 of 𝐫 of 𝑡 with respect to 𝑡 is equal to the antiderivative capital 𝐑 evaluated at 𝑏 minus capital 𝐑 evaluated at 𝑎. So essentially, all we’re going to do is integrate each of our components with respect to 𝑡 and evaluate them individually between the limits of zero and 𝜋 by four.

Let’s complete this process for the component for 𝐢. It’s the definite integral between zero and 𝜋 by four of sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡. We might recall the derivative of sec of 𝑡 is equal to sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡. So this means the antiderivative of sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡 must be sec 𝑡. So we use the fundamental theorem of calculus. And we see that this is equal to sec of 𝜋 by four minus sec of zero. But of course, sec of 𝑡 is equal to one over cos of 𝑡. So we need to work out one over cos of 𝜋 by four minus one over cos of zero. That’s root two minus one.

We’ve cleared some space so we can evaluate the definite integral between zero and 𝜋 by four of 𝑡 times cos of two 𝑡. This time, we have the product of two functions. So we’re going to use integration by parts to evaluate. This says that the integral of 𝑢 times d𝑣 by d𝑥 with respect to 𝑥 is equal to 𝑢 times 𝑣 minus the integral of 𝑣 times d𝑢 by d𝑥 with respect to 𝑥. We’ll let 𝑢 be equal to 𝑡. And that’s because we know that d𝑢 by d𝑡 is simply one. This makes the second integral much simpler. This means d𝑣 by d𝑡 must be cos of two 𝑡. Then, the antiderivative of cos two 𝑡 gives us 𝑣. It’s a half sin of two 𝑡.

Now, of course, we’re working with 𝑡 as our parameter instead of 𝑥. But otherwise, the substitutions are the same. We have 𝑢 times 𝑣. That’s 𝑡 times a half sin two 𝑡, which we will shortly evaluate between zero and 𝜋 by four minus the definite integral between those limits of a half sin two 𝑡 times d𝑢 by d𝑡, which is one. We simplify this a little. And we see that we’re going to need to work out the definite integral between zero and 𝜋 by four of a half of sin two 𝑡 with respect to 𝑡. Well, the antiderivative of a half sin two 𝑡 is negative a quarter cos two 𝑡. And if we so wish, we can combine these terms and then evaluate them between the limits of zero and 𝜋 by four. When we substitute 𝜋 by four, we get 𝜋 over eight plus zero. And when we substitute zero, we get zero plus a quarter. So that gives us 𝜋 by eight minus a quarter.

Let’s clear some more space and work out that final definite integral. This time, we’re going to use integration by substitution. We’re going to let 𝑢 be equal to sin two 𝑡. We know that d𝑢 by d𝑡, the derivative of sin two 𝑡 with respect to 𝑡, is two cos two 𝑡. And whilst d𝑢 by d𝑡 isn’t a fraction, we can equivalently rewrite this as a half d𝑢 equals cos of two 𝑡 d𝑡. We then need to change our limit. So we use our substitution to do so. Our lower limit is when 𝑡 is equal to zero. And when 𝑡 is equal to zero, 𝑢 is equal to sin of two times zero, which is zero. Then, when 𝑡 is equal to 𝜋 by four, 𝑢 is equal to sin of two times 𝜋 by four, which is one.

We then replace sin two 𝑡 with 𝑢. We can replace cos of two 𝑡 with a half d𝑢. And of course, we must make sure we replace our limit. We might choose to take the constant factor of a half outside our integral and focus on integrating 𝑢 squared itself. That gives us 𝑢 cubed over three. By substituting our limits, we get a half times one cubed over three minus zero cubed over three, which is simply equal to one-sixth. Now that we’ve evaluated the integrals of each of our component functions, we’re ready to return this into vector form. It’s root two minus one 𝐢 plus 𝜋 over eight minus a quarter 𝐣 plus one-sixth 𝐤.