Question Video: Determining the Type of Concavity of a Parametric Curve Mathematics • Higher Education

Video Transcript

Consider the parametric curve 𝑥 is equal to one plus the sec of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is equal to one plus the tan of 𝜃. Determine whether this curve is concave up, down, or neither at 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six.

The question gives us a curve defined by a pair of parametric equations 𝑥 is some function of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is some function of 𝜃. We need to determine the concavity of this curve at the point where 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six. Let’s start by recalling what we mean by the concavity of a curve. The concavity of a curve tells us whether the tangent lines to the curve lie above or below our curve.

In particular, we can find this information by using the second derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. We know if d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared is positive, then our curve is concave upward at this point. We also know if d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared is negative, then our curve is concave downward at this point. So, to find the concavity of our curve, we just need to find an expression for d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared. However, we can’t do this directly since we’re given a parametric curve. So, we’re going to need to recall some of our rules for differentiating parametric curves.

First, we recall we can use the chain rule to find an expression for d𝑦 by d𝑥. If 𝑦 is a function of 𝜃 and 𝑥 is a function of 𝜃, then d𝑦 by d𝑥 is equal to d𝑦 by d𝜃 divided by d𝑥 by d𝜃. And this is only valid when the denominator d𝑥 by d𝜃 is not equal to zero. But we want to find an expression for d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared. So, we need to differentiate this with respect to 𝑥. And we could do this again by using the chain rule. We would get that d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared is equal to the derivative of d𝑦 by d𝑥 with respect to 𝜃 divided by d𝑥 by d𝜃.

And of course, we still require our denominator d𝑥 by d𝜃 is not equal to zero. So, to find an expression for d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared on our parametric curve, we need to find d𝑦 by d𝑥. Doing this, we need to find d𝑦 by d𝜃 and d𝑥 by d𝜃. And 𝑥 and 𝑦 are already given as functions of 𝜃, so we can do this.

Let’s start with finding d𝑥 by d𝜃. That’s the derivative of one plus the sec of 𝜃 with respect to 𝜃. To do this, we recall one of our standard derivative results for trigonometric functions. The derivative of the sec of 𝜃 with respect to 𝜃 is equal to the sec of 𝜃 times the tan of 𝜃. So, because the derivative of the constant one is equal to zero, we get d𝑥 by d𝜃 is equal to the sec of 𝜃 times the tan of 𝜃.

We can now do the same to find an expression for d𝑦 by d𝜃. That’s the derivative of one plus the tan of 𝜃 with respect to 𝜃. Once again, we need to use one of our standard derivative results for trigonometric functions. The derivative of the tan of 𝜃 with respect to 𝜃 is equal to the sec squared of 𝜃. So, this gives us that d𝑦 by d𝜃 is equal to the sec squared of 𝜃. Now that we found expressions for d𝑦 by d𝜃 and d𝑥 by d𝜃, we can use our formula to find an expression for d𝑦 by d𝑥.

We get d𝑦 by d𝑥 is equal to the sec squared of 𝜃 divided by the sec of 𝜃 times the tan of 𝜃. Remember, to find d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared, we need to differentiate this expression with respect to 𝜃. So we should simplify this into a form which is easy to differentiate. To start, we’ll cancel the shared factor of the sec of 𝜃 in our numerator and our denominator. But this is still the quotient of two functions. We could differentiate this by using the quotient rule. However, we could simplify this to make it even easier.

To help us simplify this, we need to recall two of our trigonometric identities. The sec of 𝜃 is equivalent to one divided by the cos of 𝜃, and the tan of 𝜃 is equivalent to the sin of 𝜃 divided by the cos of 𝜃. Using our trigonometric identities, we get d𝑦 by d𝑥 is equal to one over the cos of 𝜃 all divided by the sin of 𝜃 divided by the cos of 𝜃. And either by using our rules for rearranging fractions or by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the cos of 𝜃, we can just simplify this to get one divided by the sin of 𝜃.

And, of course, we know that one divided by the sin of 𝜃 is equivalent to the csc of 𝜃. And it’s important to note that this is a much easier function to differentiate than the sec of 𝜃 divided by the tan of 𝜃. We’re now almost ready to find our expression for d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared. Let’s start by finding an expression for our numerator. That’s the derivative of d𝑦 by d𝑥 with respect to 𝜃. And we already showed d𝑦 by d𝑥 is equal to the csc of 𝜃. So, we need to differentiate the csc of 𝜃 with respect to 𝜃.

And this is a standard trigonometric derivative result. We know the derivative of the csc of 𝜃 with respect to 𝜃 is equal to negative the cot of 𝜃 times the csc of 𝜃. So, we found an expression for the numerator of d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared. We got negative the cot of 𝜃 times the csc of 𝜃. Now, all we need to do is divide this by d𝑥 by d𝜃. And we already found d𝑥 by d𝜃. We got that this was equal to the sec of 𝜃 times the tan of 𝜃.

So, by using our formula, we get d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared is equal to negative the cot of 𝜃 times the csc of 𝜃 divided by the sec of 𝜃 multiplied by the tan of 𝜃. Now, there’s a few different ways we could proceed with this question. For example, we only need to find the concavity of our curve at the point where 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six. So, at this point, we could just directly substitute this value into our expression. However, we’re going to simplify this expression first.

First, we’re going to use the fact that the cot of 𝜃 is the same as dividing by the tan of 𝜃. So, we’ll remove the cot of 𝜃 in our numerator and then square the tan of 𝜃 in our denominator. Now, we want to simplify the csc of 𝜃 divided by the sec of 𝜃. We know we can rewrite this as one over the sin of 𝜃 divided by one over the cos of 𝜃. But we can then simplify this by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the cos of 𝜃.

In our denominator, we can cancel the cos of 𝜃 divided by the cos of 𝜃 to give us one. And in our numerator, we get the cos of 𝜃 divided by the sin of 𝜃, but this is also equivalent to one divided by the tan of 𝜃. So, by using this, we can rewrite d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared as negative one divided by the tan cubed of 𝜃. And now, it’s easy to substitute our value of 𝜃 equal to 𝜋 by six into this expression.

Doing this, we get d two 𝑦 by d𝑥 squared of 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six is equal to negative one divided by the tan cubed of 𝜋 by six. And if we evaluate this expression, we get negative three times the square root of three. So, we’ve shown the second derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 is negative when 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six. Therefore, our curve must be concave downwards when 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six. Therefore, given the parametric curve 𝑥 is equal to one plus the sec of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is equal to one plus the tan of 𝜃. We were able to show that this curve was concave downwards when 𝜃 was equal to 𝜋 by six.