Lesson Explainer: Scalar Projection | Nagwa Lesson Explainer: Scalar Projection | Nagwa

Lesson Explainer: Scalar Projection Mathematics • Third Year of Secondary School

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In this explainer, we will learn how to find the scalar projection of a vector onto another vector.

Vectors are quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction. In this explainer, we will explore the concept of projecting a vector in the direction of another vector.

In order to mathematically describe our projections, we’ll need to use the dot product. This is somewhat of a vector analog to multiplication. Let us recap its definition for two vectors ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡: ⃑𝐴=𝐴⃑𝑖+𝐴⃑𝑗+π΄βƒ‘π‘˜,⃑𝐡=𝐡⃑𝑖+𝐡⃑𝑗+π΅βƒ‘π‘˜.ο—ο˜ο™ο—ο˜ο™

Definition: The Dot Product

Given that the angle between ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡 is πœƒ, the dot product is defined as ⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡=β€–β€–βƒ‘π΄β€–β€–β€–β€–βƒ‘π΅β€–β€–πœƒ.cos

An equivalent definition of the dot product is ⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡=𝐴𝐡+𝐴𝐡+𝐴𝐡.ο—ο—ο˜ο˜ο™ο™

On its own, the dot product does not have a particularly useful geometric representation; however, it becomes very useful when dealing with scalar projection.

As the name suggests, performing a scalar projection of a vector ⃑𝐴 in the direction of ⃑𝐡 will result in a scalar. This scalar describes the component of vector ⃑𝐴 in the direction of ⃑𝐡.

Performing a vector projection has a very similar interpretation. The result of this process is itself a vector, which maintains the property of directionality parallel to vector ⃑𝐡.

For the purpose of this explainer, we will be solely dealing with: scalar projection, which is defined below.

Definition: Scalar Projection

Given that the angle between ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡 is πœƒ, the scalar projection of ⃑𝐴 in the direction of ⃑𝐡 is given by projcosβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=β€–β€–βƒ‘π΄β€–β€–πœƒ.

An equivalent statement can be formed using the dot product projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖.

The scalar projection tells us the component of a vector ⃑𝐴 that points in the direction of another vector, ⃑𝐡.

We may have already seen this in action, since the component form of a vector can be viewed as an application of scalar projection. We can see this by recalling that the unit vector in the direction of ⃑𝐡 is defined by ⃑𝐡=⃑𝐡‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖.

This means that an alternative definition of our scalar projection is projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡.

Since ⃑𝑖, ⃑𝑗, and βƒ‘π‘˜ are unit vectors in the π‘₯-, 𝑦-, and 𝑧-directions, respectively, we could find the component of ⃑𝐴 in one of cardinal directions by taking the dot product with these unit vectors. For example, the component of ⃑𝐴 in the π‘₯-direction can be found by taking ⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝑖.

To get an intuitive understanding of scalar projection, it may be helpful to remember right triangle geometry.

Consider the case where angle πœƒ between two vectors is less than 90∘. In the diagram above, ‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖ can be thought of as the length of the hypotenuse in a right triangle and our scalar projection as the length of the adjacent side to angle πœƒ.

We will see an example later that scalar projection extends beyond right triangle geometry, since angle πœƒ can be larger than 90∘, yet the relationship still holds.

A few specific cases worth noting are when our two vectors are parallel or perpendicular. If the vectors are parallel and point in the same direction, then the angle between them will be 0∘. If they are parallel and point in opposite directions, then the angle between them will be 180∘. Finally, if our vectors are perpendicular, the angle between them will be 90∘. These cases are given below: Parallel(samedirection):projcosParallel(oppositedirection):projcosPerpendicular:projcosβƒ‘οŒ‘βˆ˜βƒ‘οŒ‘βˆ˜βƒ‘οŒ‘βˆ˜βƒ‘π΄=‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖(0)=‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖⃑𝐴=‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖(180)=βˆ’β€–β€–βƒ‘π΄β€–β€–βƒ‘π΄=‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖(90)=0.

It should make sense that the component of any vector pointing in the same parallel direction is simply equal to the magnitude of the vector. For vectors pointing in the opposite parallel direction, we see a negative magnitude that we’ll return to later in the explainer. Similarly, there is no component of a vector that points in the perpendicular direction, hence the scalar projection in this direction is equal to 0.

To improve our understanding, let’s take a look at some examples of scalar projection.

Example 1: Finding the Scalar Projection of a Vector given the Vector Magnitudes and the Angle between Them

If ‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖=5, ‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖=15, and the measure of the angle between them is 30∘, find the algebraic projection of ⃑𝐡 in the direction of ⃑𝐴.

Answer

To solve this question, we should first recognize that the algebraic projection of one vector in some given direction is another way of describing a scalar projection.

The question has helpfully given us the angle between the two vectors, ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡, which we can represent as πœƒ.

An important point to note is that we are not finding the projection of vector ⃑𝐴 in the direction of ⃑𝐡, but rather we are projecting ⃑𝐡 in the direction of ⃑𝐴. We should therefore use the formula projcosβƒ‘οŒ βƒ‘π΅=β€–β€–βƒ‘π΅β€–β€–πœƒ.

To solve this question, we can substitute in the values ‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖=15 and πœƒ=30∘: projcosβƒ‘οŒ βˆ˜βƒ‘π΅=15(30)=15√32.

Using the fact that cos(30)∘ is one of the exact trigonometric ratios gives us a direct route to our answer, which we can leave in surd form.

We might observe that ‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖=5 is an unnecessary piece of information in this question. Since the question gives us angle πœƒ, we do not need to use ‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖ and it has only been included to trip up an unwary student!

It should also be noted that, by using the dot product, we can get the scalar projection without having to find the angle, πœƒ, between the vectors: projβƒ‘οŒ‘ο—ο—ο˜ο˜ο™ο™βƒ‘π΄=⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖=1‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡=1‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖𝐴𝐡+𝐴𝐡+𝐴𝐡.

This can be useful in cases where the vectors are simply given in component form.

Example 2: Determining the Magnitude of the Component of a Vector in a Given Direction

Determine, to the nearest hundredth, the component of vector ⃑𝑉 along 𝐴𝐡, given that ⃑𝑉=(βˆ’7,2,10) and the coordinates of 𝐴 and 𝐡 are (1,βˆ’4,βˆ’8) and (3,2,0) respectively.

Answer

For this question, we are asked to find the projection of vector ⃑𝑉 in the direction of 𝐴𝐡, which can be denoted as projοƒ οŒ οŒ‘βƒ‘π‘‰.

The question has not given us vector 𝐴𝐡 but rather the coordinates of its start point and endpoint. Our first step will be to find the vector as follows: 𝐴𝐡=οƒŸπ‘‚π΅βˆ’οƒ π‘‚π΄=(3,2,0)βˆ’(1,βˆ’4,βˆ’8)=(2,6,8).

We’ll also find the magnitude of our vector 𝐴𝐡 as this will be needed in a moment: ‖‖𝐴𝐡‖‖=√2+6+8=√4+36+64=√104=2√26.

Now that we have our two vectors and the magnitude of 𝐴𝐡, we can use the dot product definition of scalar projection to move forward: projοƒ οŒ οŒ‘βƒ‘π‘‰=⃑𝑉⋅𝐴𝐡‖‖𝐴𝐡‖‖.

Remember that we can find the dot product of two vectors using the components of the vectors: ⃑𝑉⋅𝐴𝐡=(βˆ’7)β‹…2+2β‹…6+10β‹…8=βˆ’14+12+80=78.

Substituting in our values to the equation for our scalar projection gives projοƒ οŒ οŒ‘βƒ‘π‘‰=782√26=39√26=7.6485β€¦β‰ˆ7.65.

As required by the question, our answer has been simplified and expressed in decimal form to the nearest hundredth (two decimal places).

Scalar projection can also be used in examples related to geometric systems. Let’s take a look at one such example.

Example 3: Finding the Scalar Projection Where Both Vectors are Represented as the Diagonals of a Cube

The cube shown has sides lengths of 4417. Find the scalar projection of 𝑂𝐴 onto οƒŸπΆπ΅, giving your answer correct to two decimal places.

Answer

For this question, we are asked to find the scalar projection of one vector onto another. These two vectors are the diagonals of a cube.

Our intuition may lead us to believe that the diagonals of a cube are perpendicular to each other, and hence the result should be 0. This would be a mistake! In fact, the angle between the diagonals is not equal to 90∘ and hence the scalar projection is nonzero. Let’s verify this with some calculations.

The question does not give us either of the two vectors, and instead we have been given the side length of the cube. We can use this information to find the vectors.

Our starting point will be to find the coordinates of point 𝐴. Since 𝑂 is the origin, this will immediately give us vector 𝑂𝐴.

Given that point 𝑂 lies at the origin and point 𝐴 is the opposite corner of the cube, it makes sense that the distances between these two points along the π‘₯-, 𝑦-, and 𝑧-directions are all equal in magnitude. From our diagram we can also see that the magnitude of the separation is equal to the side length of our cube, and so we conclude the following: 𝐴=ο€Ό4417,4417,4417οˆοƒ π‘‚π΄=ο€Ό4417,4417,4417.

Using similar logic, we might observe that point 𝐡 lies vertically above the origin, separated only in the 𝑧-direction by the length of one side of the cube, while point 𝐢 is separated from the origin in the π‘₯- and 𝑦-directions, but not the 𝑧-direction: 𝐡=ο€Ό0,0,4417,𝐢=ο€Ό4417,4417,0.

This gives us a way to find vector οƒŸπΆπ΅: οƒŸπΆπ΅=οƒŸπ‘‚π΅βˆ’οƒ π‘‚πΆ=ο€Ό0,0,4417οˆβˆ’ο€Ό4417,4417,0=ο€Όβˆ’4417,βˆ’4417,4417.

To find the required scalar projection, we can use the following formula: projοƒ οŒ’οŒ‘οƒ π‘‚π΄=οƒ π‘‚π΄β‹…οƒŸπΆπ΅β€–β€–οƒŸπΆπ΅β€–β€–.

To proceed, we’ll need the magnitude of vector οƒŸπΆπ΅: β€–β€–οƒŸπΆπ΅β€–β€–=ο„Ÿο€Όβˆ’4417+ο€Όβˆ’4417+ο€Ό4417=ο„ž3β‹…ο€Ό1936289=ο„ž5808289=44√317.

We can substitute this value into our formula and expand the dot product as follows: projοƒ οŒ’οŒ‘οƒ π‘‚π΄=1744√3ο€Ό4417,4417,4417οˆβ‹…ο€Όβˆ’4417,βˆ’4417,4417=1744√3ο€Ό4417β‹…ο€Όβˆ’4417+4417β‹…ο€Όβˆ’4417+4417β‹…4417=1744√3ο€Όβˆ’4417οˆο€Ό4417=βˆ’4417√3.

After eliminating the common factors of 44 and 17 on the top and bottom of our fraction, we are left with an irrational denominator. Although we could rationalize the denominator, instead we recall that our question asks for an answer to two decimal places: projοƒ οŒ’οŒ‘οƒ π‘‚π΄=βˆ’1.4943β€¦β‰ˆβˆ’1.49.

It should be noted that in geometric examples such as the above, it is a perfectly valid (and sometimes more efficient) approach to find the angle between the vectors.

For our cube, however, since the angle between the diagonals is not commonly known, we chose to use a different approach with the components of the vectors. Finding the angle between these vectors would involve many of the same tools (such as the dot product).

As a point of interest, had we chosen the angle method, we would have found that πœƒ=ο€Ό13οˆβ‰ˆ70.53cos∘ rather than the 90∘ that some might assume.

As a final note in this explainer, observe that our answer for the previous example is negative. We can see why by considering the following diagrams.

With the first few examples in this explainer, we observed that the angle between our vectors, πœƒ, was less than 90∘. In these cases, vector ⃑𝐴 will have a positive component in the direction of ⃑𝐡.

Had we used the supplementary angle (marked πœ™ in the diagrams), this would have resulted in a sign error in our answer since coscoscos(πœ™)=(180βˆ’πœƒ)=βˆ’(πœƒ).

The reason for this is that we would have actually been calculating the scalar projection of ⃑𝐴 onto a separate vector ⃑𝐢, which points in the opposite direction to ⃑𝐡.

The geometric interpretation of a negative result to a scalar projection is that our original vector, ⃑𝐴, has a component pointing in the opposite direction to vector ⃑𝐢.

It therefore follows that scalar projection gives us positive answers when the angle between the vectors is less than 90∘ and negative answers when the angle between the vectors is greater than 90∘.

Key Points

  • We can find the component of some vector ⃑𝐴 in the direction of another vector ⃑𝐡 using scalar projection.
  • Given that πœƒ is the angle between ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡, the scalar projection of ⃑𝐴 in the direction of ⃑𝐡 can be expressed as projcosβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=β€–β€–βƒ‘π΄β€–β€–πœƒ=⃑𝐴⋅⃑𝐡‖‖⃑𝐡‖‖.
  • If ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡 are parallel and point in the same direction, then πœƒ=0∘ and projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=‖‖⃑𝐴‖‖.
  • If ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡 are parallel and point in opposite directions, then πœƒ=180∘ and projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=βˆ’β€–β€–βƒ‘π΄β€–β€–.
  • If ⃑𝐴 and ⃑𝐡 are perpendicular, then πœƒ=90∘ and projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄=0.
  • If the angle between the vectors is less than 90∘, then vector ⃑𝐴 has a component in the same direction as ⃑𝐡 and hence projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄>0.
  • If the angle between the vectors is greater than 90∘, then vector ⃑𝐴 has a component in the opposite direction to ⃑𝐡 and hence projβƒ‘οŒ‘βƒ‘π΄<0.

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