Course: United Kingdom • A Level • Chemistry

Table of Contents

• Planning Experiments
• Working Safely
  • Safety Equipment
  • Hazard Symbols
  • Chemical Storage
  • Safe Laboratory Practice
• Practical Techniques
  • Reactions under Reflux
  • Filtration
• Data
• Evaluations and Errors
  • Accuracy, Precision, and Repeatability
• The Atom
  • The Structure of Atoms
  • The Structure of the Atom
  • Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
  • Isotopes
  • Nuclide Notation
• Atomic Models
  • The Atomic Model
• Relative Mass
  • Relative Atomic Masses and Isotopic Abundance
  • Percentage Isotopic Abundance
  • Formula Mass
  • Formula Masses
• The Mass Spectrometer
  • Mass Spectra
• Using Mass Spectra
  • Fragment Ions
  • Elemental Analysis by Mass Spectrometry
• Electronic Structure
  • Electron Shells
  • Electronic Configurations
• The Mole
  • Moles
  • Concentration, Mass, and Volume
• Gases and the Mole
  • The Ideal Gas Law
• Chemical Equations
  • Reaction Equations
  • Balancing Chemical Equations
  • Balancing Ionic Equations
  • Balancing Chemical Equations
• Equations and Calculations
  • Reaction Masses
  • Standard Molar Gas Volumes
  • Conservation of Mass
• Titrations
  • Titrations
  • Titration Indicators
• Formulas
  • Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  • Percentage Composition from Molecular Formulas
  • Mass Percentage
  • Percentage Composition
• Chemical Yield
  • Percentage Yield
  • Maximum and Percentage Yields
• Atom Economy
  • Atom Economy
• Ionic Bonding
  • Ions
  • Ionic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
  • Covalent Bonding
  • Network Covalent Structures
  • Molecular, Network, Ionic, and Metallic Solids
  • Types of Chemical Bonding
  • Types of Bonding
• Shapes of Molecules
  • VSEPR Theory
  • Electron Pair and Molecular Geometries
• Polarisation
• Intermolecular Forces
  • Intermolecular Forces
• Metallic Bonding
  • Metallic Bonding
• Properties of Metals
  • Intermolecular Interactions of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
• Enthalpy
  • Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
  • Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
• Bond Enthalpies
  • Bond Energy
  • Energy Changes in Reactions
• Measuring Enthalpy Changes
  • Using Calorimetry Measurements
  • Enthalpy Measurements
• Hess’s Law
  • Hess Cycles Using Enthalpies of Formation
  • Hess Cycles Using Bond Energies
• Reaction Rates
  • Reaction Rate
• Catalysts
  • Catalysts
• Measuring Reaction Rates
• Reversible Reactions
  • Le Chatelier’s Principle
  • Dynamic Equilibrium
  • Reversible and Irreversible Reactions
  • Reaction Profiles
• The Equilibrium Constant
  • Choosing Equilibrium Conditions
  • Equilibrium Constants and Concentrations
• Factors Affecting the Equilibrium Constant
  • Concentration Changes in Equilibria
• Redox Reactions
  • Redox Reactions
  • Oxidation States
  • Compound Names and Formulas
• The Periodic Table
  • Electron Configurations of Main Group Elements
  • The Structure of the Periodic Table
  • The Periodic Table
• Periodicity
• Metals
  • Alkali Metals
• Group 7 - The Halogens
  • Halogens
• Halide Ions
• Tests for Ions
  • Flame Tests
  • Tests for Anions
• Formulas
  • Chemical Formulas
• Isomers
  • Empirical and Molecular Formulas
• Alkanes and Petroleum
  • Properties of Alkanes
  • Cracking of Hydrocarbons
  • Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
• Alkanes as Fuels
  • Complete Combustion
  • Incomplete Combustion of Hydrocarbons
• Nucleophilic Substitution
  • Substitution Reactions of Alkanes
• Alkenes
  • Properties of Alkenes
  • Addition Reactions of Alkenes
• Addition Polymers
  • Addition Polymerization
  • Condensation Polymerization
• Alcohols
  • Alcohols
• Ethanol Production
  • Fermentation of Ethanol
• Mass Spectrometry
  • High-Resolution Mass Spectra
• Infrared Spectroscopy
  • Vibrational Modes in IR Spectra
  • Functional Groups in IR Spectra
• Enthalpy Changes
• Born-Haber Cycles
  • Hess Cycles Using Reaction Energies
• Enthalpies of Solution
  • Solvation
• Free-Energy Change
• Monitoring Reactions
• Reaction Rates and Graphs
  • Reaction Rate Measurements
• Rate Equations
  • Factors Affecting Rate
  • Rate Constants from Reaction Data
• The Initial Rates Method
• Clock Reactions
• Rate-concentration Graphs
  • Second-Order Rate Plots
  • First-Order Rate Plots
  • Interpreting and Presenting Data
• The Rate-determining Step
• The Arrhenius Equation
  • Arrhenius Plots
  • The Arrhenius Equation
• Gas Equilibria
  • Equilibrium Constants and Pressures
• Changing Gas Equilibria
  • Le Chatelier’s Principle
• Electrode Potentials
  • Electrochemical Cell Potential
• Standard Electrode Potentials
  • Standard Reduction Potential
• Electrochemical Series
• Acids, Bases and K_w
  • Classifying Acids and Bases
• pH Calculations
  • The pH Scale
• The Acid Dissociation Constant
  • Degrees of Ionization
  • Concentrations from Ionization Constants
• Titrations and pH Curves
  • Acid–Base Titrations
• Titration Calculations
• Buffer Action
• Calculating the pH of Buffers
• Transition Metals - The Basics
  • Transition Metals
  • Electron Configurations of Transition Elements
• Formation of Coloured Ions
  • Tests for Transition Metals
• Transition Metal Catalysts
  • Reduction–Oxidation Titrations
  • Factors Affecting Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• Purifying Organic Compounds
  • Filtration and Crystallization
  • Distillation
  • Liquid–Liquid Separation
  • Crystallization
• 13^C NMR Spectroscopy
• 1^H NMR Spectroscopy
  • Functional Groups in NMR Spectra
  • NMR Splitting Patterns
• Chromatography
  • Column Chromatography
  • Thin-Layer Chromatography
• Exam Technique
• Formulas and Equations
  • Molar Concentrations
  • Masses and Moles
  • Converting between Wavelength and Frequency