Table of Contents
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1 Chemistry in Our Lives
- 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
- 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
- 1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry
- 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
- 1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
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2 Chemistry and Measurements
- 2.1 Units of Measurement
- 2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
- 2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations
- 2.4 Prefixes and Equalities
- 2.5 Writing Conversion Factors
- 2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion
- 2.7 Density
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3 Matter and Energy
- 3.1 Classification of Matter
- 3.2 States and Properties of Matter
- 3.3 Temperature
- 3.4 Energy
- 3.5 Specific Heat
- 3.6 Energy and Nutrition
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4 Atoms and Elements
- 4.1 Elements and Symbols
- 4.2 The Periodic Table
- 4.3 The Atom
- 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
- 4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
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5 Electronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends
- 5.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
- 5.2 Atomic Spectra and Energy Levels
- 5.3 Sublevels and Orbitals
- 5.4 Orbital Diagrams and Electron Configurations
- 5.5 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- 5.6 Trends in Periodic Properties
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6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
- 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
- 6.2 Ionic Compounds
- 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
- 6.4 Polyatomic Ions
- 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
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7 Chemical Quantities
- 7.1 The Mole
- 7.2 Molar Mass
- 7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass
- 7.4 Mass Percent Composition
- 7.5 Empirical Formulas
- 7.6 Molecular Formulas
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8 Chemical Reactions
- 8.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions
- 8.2 Balancing a Chemical Equation
- 8.3 Types of Chemical Reactions
- 8.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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9 Chemical Quantities in Reactions
- 9.1 Conservation of Mass
- 9.2 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
- 9.3 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
- 9.4 Limiting Reactants
- 9.5 Percent Yield
- 9.6 Energy in Chemical Reactions
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10 Bonding and Properties of Solids and Liquids
- 10.1 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
- 10.2 Resonance Structures
- 10.3 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions (VSEPR Theory)
- 10.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- 10.5 Polarity of Molecules
- 10.6 Intermolecular Forces between Atoms or Molecules
- 10.7 Changes of State
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11 Gases
- 11.1 Properties of Gases
- 11.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
- 11.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
- 11.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
- 11.5 The Combined Gas Law
- 11.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
- 11.7 The Ideal Gas Law
- 11.8 Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions
- 11.9 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
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12 Solutions
- 12.1 Solutions
- 12.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
- 12.3 Solubility
- 12.4 Solution Concentrations
- 12.5 Dilution of Solutions
- 12.6 Chemical Reactions in Solutions
- 12.7 Molality and Freezing Point Lowering/Boiling Point Elevation
- 12.8 Properties of Solutions: Osmosis
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13 Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium
- 13.1 Rates of Reactions
- 13.2 Chemical Equilibrium
- 13.3 Equilibrium Constants
- 13.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
- 13.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
- 13.6 Equilibrium in Saturated Solutions
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14 Acids and Bases
- 14.1 Acids and Bases
- 14.2 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- 14.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 14.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
- 14.5 Dissociation of Water
- 14.6 The pH Scale
- 14.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
- 14.8 Acid-Base Titration
- 14.9 Buffers
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15 Oxidation and Reduction
- 15.1 Oxidation and Reduction
- 15.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations Using Half-Reactions
- 15.3 Electrical Energy from Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- 15.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions That Require Electrical Energy
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16 Nuclear Chemistry
- 16.1 Natural Radioactivity
- 16.2 Nuclear Reactions
- 16.3 Radiation Measurement
- 16.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope
- 16.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
- 16.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
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17 Organic Chemistry
- 17.1 Alkanes
- 17.2 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Polymers
- 17.3 Aromatic Compounds
- 17.4 Alcohols and Ethers
- 17.5 Aldehydes and Ketones
- 17.6 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- 17.7 Amines and Amides
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18 Biochemistry
- 18.1 Carbohydrates
- 18.2 Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
- 18.3 Lipids
- 18.4 Amino Acids and Proteins
- 18.5 Protein Structure
- 18.6 Proteins as Enzymes
- 18.7 Nucleic Acids
- 18.8 Protein Synthesis