Course: United Kingdom • A Level • Physics

Table of Contents

• Newton’s Laws of Motion
  • Newton’s First Law of Motion
  • Newton’s Second Law of Motion
  • Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Motion Due to Forces
  • Free-Body Diagrams
  • Systems of Unbalanced Forces
  • Kinematic Graphs
  • Instantaneous Speed
  • Acceleration over a Distance
  • Acceleration over Distance and Time
  • Resultant Motion and Force
  • Forces that Resist Motion
• Motion Due to Uniform Gravitational Acceleration
  • Free Fall and Weightlessness
  • Projectiles
  • Projectile Motion
  • The Relationship between Mass and Weight
  • Distinguishing Weight from Other Forces
• Mechanical Energy
  • Mechanical Work
  • Mechanical Power
  • Kinetic Energy
  • Gravitational Potential Energy
  • Energy Conversion and Conservation
• Forces in Collisions
  • Momentum
  • Conservation of Momentum
  • Systems of Objects
  • Force as Rate of Momentum Change
  • Applying Newton’s Third Law of Motion to Collisions
  • Elasticity of Collisions
• Rotational Motion
  • Center of Mass
  • Torque of a Force
  • Equilibrium of Extended Objects
• Circular Motion
  • Rotational Kinematics
  • Centripetal Force
  • Moment of Inertia
  • Rotational Kinetic Energy
  • Angular Momentum in Terms of Moment of Inertia
  • Angular Impulse
  • The Conservation of Angular Momentum
• Gravitational Fields
  • Newton’s Law of Gravitation
  • The Gravitational Field Inside Planets
  • Gravitational Potential Energy in a Radial Field
  • Orbital Mechanics
  • Mechanical Energy Conservation in Orbits
  • Escape Speed
• Simple Harmonic Motion
  • Simple Harmonic Motion
  • The Period of a Pendulum
  • The Period of an Oscillating Spring
  • The Mechanical Energy of a Pendulum
  • Free and Forced Oscillations
• Waves
  • Calculating Wave Motion
  • Comparing Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
  • Standing Waves
  • Resonance of Strings
• Light
  • Refraction of Light
  • Total Internal Reflection
  • Critical Angle for Total Internal Reflection
  • Polarization of Light
  • Image Production Using Lenses
  • Images Produced by Thin Lenses
  • The Huygens Wave Model
• Wave Interference
  • Interference of Light Waves
  • Diffraction of Light Waves
  • Two-Slit Interference
  • Diffraction Gratings
  • Interferometry
• Forces in Solids
  • Deformation of Springs
  • Elastic Potential Energy
  • Relating Force, Pressure, and Area
  • Relating Stress to Strain
  • Deformation due to Strain
• Forces in Fluids
  • Calculating Density
  • Pressure Produced by Fluids
  • Pascal’s Principle
  • Buoyant Force
  • Stokes’ Law
  • Boyle’s Law
• Thermal Physics
  • The Kelvin Temperature Scale
  • Gay-Lussac’s Law
  • Charles’ Law
  • Bulk Properties of an Ideal Gas
  • Brownian Motion
  • Internal Energy
  • Specific Heat Capacity
  • Specific Latent Heat
  • Particle Model of an Ideal Gas
  • Root-Mean-Square Speed of Ideal Gas Particles
  • Particle Speed Distributions in Gases
• Thermodynamics
  • The First Law of Thermodynamics
  • Thermodynamic Changes in Ideal Gases
  • Heat Engines
  • Heat Pumps
  • Engine Performance
• Electric Circuits
  • Electric Current
  • Ohm’s Law
  • Diodes
  • Resistance and Resistivity of Conductors
  • The Power of Electrical Components
  • Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance
  • Energy Conservation in Circuits
  • Analyzing Combination Circuits
  • Variable Resistors in Voltage Divider Circuits
• Capacitors
  • Capacitors
  • Parallel-Plate Capacitors
  • Energy Stored in Capacitors
  • Capacitor Dielectrics
  • Capacitor Charging and Discharging
• Electric Fields
  • Coulomb’s Law
  • Electric Fields of Point Charges
  • Absolute Electric Potential
  • Electric Field Equipotential Lines
  • Uniform Electric Fields
  • Charge-to-Mass Ratio
• Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Fields Produced by Electric Currents
  • Force on Conducting Wires in Magnetic Fields
  • Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Flux
  • Electromagnetic Interactions in Conducting Loops 
  • Motion of Straight Conductors in Uniform Magnetic Fields
  • Electromagnetic Induction in Generators
  • Alternating Current Circuits
  • Electromagnetic Induction in Transformers
• Special Relativity
  • The Lorentz Factor
  • Time Dilation
  • Length Contraction
  • Relativistic Mass
  • Relativistic Kinetic Energy
  • Mass–Energy Equivalence
• Quantum Mechanics
  • The Quantization of Electromagnetic Radiation
  • The Electron Volt
  • The Kinetic Energy of Photoelectrons
  • Matter Waves
  • Electron Diffraction and Microscopy
  • Electron Energy Level Transitions
  • Emission and Absorption Spectra
• Atomic Structure
  • Atomic Structure
  • Electron Energy Levels
  • Isotopes
  • Alpha Decay
  • Emission of Neutrinos in Beta Decay
  • Gamma Radiation
  • Positron Emission
  • Electron Capture
• Nuclear Physics
  • Rutherford Scattering
  • Detecting and Blocking Different Types of Radiation
  • The Dangers of Radiation
  • Calculating the Activity of a Radioactive Source
  • Radioactive Decay
  • Units of Nuclear Physics: The Unified Atomic Mass Unit
  • Carbon Dating
  • Nuclear Binding Energy
  • Nuclear Fission
  • Nuclear Fusion
• Leptons
  • Positrons
  • Charged Leptons
  • Neutrinos
  • The Conservation of Lepton Number
• Hadrons
  • Up Quarks and Down Quarks
  • Strange, Charm, Bottom, and Top Quarks
  • Hadrons
  • The Conservation of Baryon Number
  • Strangeness
• Particle Interactions
  • The Fundamental Forces
  • Feynman Diagrams
  • Identifying Particles in Detectors
• Planetary Systems
  • Elliptical Motion
  • Orbital Speed
  • Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion
• Astronomy
  • Telescopes
  • Angular Magnification
  • Resolution of Wave Sources
  • Units of Astronomy: The Astronomical Unit (AU)
  • Arcminutes and Arcseconds
  • Units of Astronomy: The Parsec
  • Luminosity
  • Brightness Magnitude
  • Thermal Radiation
  • Stellar Classification
  • Hertzsprung–Russell Diagrams
  • Active Galactic Nuclei
  • Doppler Shift of Light Waves
  • Detecting Exoplanets using the Doppler Effect
  • Detecting Exoplanets using Transit Photometry
• Astrophysics
  • The Structure of the Sun
  • Stellar Evolution
  • Neutron Stars
  • Black Holes
• Cosmology
  • Redshift
  • Hubble’s Law
  • Using Supernovae to Measure Distances to other Galaxies
  • The Hubble Time
• Medical Physics
  • Biological Half-life
  • X-ray Tubes
  • Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation in Solid Materials
  • Loudness
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Electrocardiography
  • Vision
  • Acoustic Impedance
• Scientific Method
  • Understanding Scientific Theories
  • Experimental Measurements
  • Measurement Accuracy and Precision
  • Measurement Uncertainty and Resolution
  • Scalar and Vector Quantities
  • Combining Uncertainties
  • Measurement Error
  • Drawing Conclusions
• Mathematical Skills
  • Representing Large Values of Physical Quantities
  • Representing Small Values of Physical Quantities
  • Calculations with Physical Quantities Using Scientific Notation
  • Comparing Values of Physical Quantities
  • Rearranging Formulas for Physical Quantities
  • Rearranging Formulas involving Logarithms
  • Finding Average Values of Physical Quantities