Table of Contents
- The Scientific Methods
- The Study of Chemistry
- Classifications of Matter
- Properties of Matter
- Units of Measurement
- Uncertainty in Measurement
- Dimensional Analysis
- The Discovery of Atomic Structure
- The Modern View of Atomic Structure
- Atomic Weights
- The Periodic Table
- Molecules and Molecular Compounds
- Ions and Ionic Compounds
- Naming Inorganic Compounds
- Some Simple Organic Compounds
- Chemical Equations
- Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
- Formula Weights
- Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
- Empirical Formulas from Analyses
- Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations
- Limiting Reactants
- General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
- Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Concentrations of Solutions
- Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
- The Nature of Chemical Energy
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Enthalpy
- Calorimetry
- Hess’s Law
- Enthalpies of Formation
- Bond Enthalpies
- Foods and Fuels
- The Wave Nature of Light
- Quantized Energy and Photons
- Line Spectra and the Bohr Model
- The Wave Behavior of Matter
- Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
- Many-Electron Atoms
- Electron Configurations
- Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- Development of the Periodic Table
- Sizes of Atoms and Ions
- Electron Affinity
- Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
- Trends for Selected Nonmetals
- Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
- Ionic Bonding
- Covalent Bonding
- Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
- Drawing Lewis Structures
- Resonance Structures
- Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds
- Molecular Shapes
- The VSEPR Model
- Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
- Hybrid Orbitals
- Multiple Bonds
- Molecular Orbitals
- Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules
- Pressure
- The Gas Laws
- The Ideal-Gas Equation
- Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation
- Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
- The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
- Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
- Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior
- Intermolecular Forces
- Select Properties of Liquids
- Phase Changes
- Vapor Pressure
- Phase Diagrams
- Classification of Solids
- Structures of Solids
- Metallic Solids
- Metallic Bonding
- Covalent-Network Solids
- Polymers
- The Solution Process
- Factors Affecting Solubility
- Expressing Solution Concentration
- Colligative Properties
- Reaction Rates
- Concentration and Rate Laws
- The Change of Concentration with Time
- Temperature and Rate
- Reaction Mechanisms
- Catalysis
- The Concept of Equilibrium
- The Equilibrium Constant
- Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants
- Heterogeneous Equilibria
- Applications of Equilibrium Constants
- Le Chatelier’s Principle
- Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- The Autoionization of Water
- The pH Scale
- Strong Acids and Bases
- Weak Acids
- Weak Bases
- Relationship between 𝐾_𝑎 and 𝐾_𝑏
- Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
- Buffers
- Acid-Base Titrations
- Solubility Equilibria
- Factors That Affect Solubility
- Precipitation and Separation of Ions
- Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements
- Earth’s Atmosphere
- Human Activities and Earth’s Atmosphere
- Human Activities and Water Quality
- Green Chemistry
- Spontaneous Processes
- Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
- Gibbs Free Energy
- Free Energy and Temperature
- Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
- Oxidation States and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Balancing Redox Equations
- Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions
- Free Energy and Redox Reactions
- Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions
- Corrosion
- Electrolysis
- Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations
- Patterns of Nuclear Stability
- Nuclear Transmutations
- Rates of Radioactive Decay
- Detection of Radioactivity
- Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Power: Fission
- Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems
- Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions
- Properties of Selected Nonmetals
- The Transition Metals
- Transition-Metal Complexes
- Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry
- General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
- Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Organic Functional Groups
- Chirality in Organic Chemistry
- Nucleic Acids